When expressing "a past action or condition that did not occur at a specific, definite time or to describe an action beginning in the past and continuing to the present", use the present perfect tense (e.g, Lee (2015) has used.). The choice of using present or past tense in signal phrases for paraphrases or quotations largely depends on the discipline in which authors are writing or the style guide they’re following.Īccording to APA Style, "the past tense is appropriate when expressing an action or a condition that occurred at a specific, definite time in the past, such as when discussing another researcher's work" (American Psychological Association, 2020, p.
No matter how you choose to incorporate the idea into your text, you want to make it clear that you are referring to someone else’s idea, not claiming it as your own.ĭeciding the appropriate verb tense usually comes down to using the one that best reflects the time period of the action described in the text. 454)įor more information, please visit Verbs for Referring to Sources (University of Toronto).
(Source: A Canadian Writer's Reference (5th ed.), Hacker & Sommers, p. Use active and descriptive verbs in your introduction of a quotation: admitted 453)Įxample: Gore (1992) asserted the importance of considering the environmental effects of technological advances and noted that, “the appropriateness of a technology becomes increasingly important as its power grows and its potential for destroying the environment expands” (p. To vary your sentence structure, you may decide to interrupt source material with a signal phrase or place the signal phrase after your paraphrase, summary, or direct quotation (A Canadian Writer's Reference (5th ed.), Hacker & Sommers, p. It commonly appears before the source material. Wird verwendet, um YouTube-Inhalte zu entsperren.Using signal or lead-in phrases is an excellent way to give your reader the necessary context to understand why you think the quotation is important to your discussion:Ī signal phrase usually names the author of the source, gives the publication year in parentheses, and often provides some context. Google Ireland Limited, Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland Wird verwendet, um Vimeo-Inhalte zu entsperren. Vimeo Inc., 555 West 18th Street, New York, New York 10011, USA _widgetsettings, local_storage_support_test Wird verwendet, um Twitter-Inhalte zu entsperren. Twitter International Company, One Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublin 2, D02 AX07, Ireland Wird verwendet, um Facebook-Inhalte zu entsperren. Meta Platforms Ireland Limited, 4 Grand Canal Square, Dublin 2, Ireland Smith confirms that meditation has significant mental and physical value. The correct signal phrase used in Chicago Style: Pollan states, "But the national conversation unfolding around the subject of food and farming really began in the 1970s" (29). The correct signal phrase used in MLA Style: In 2009, Pollan observed that "Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would've been impossible to imagine even a few years ago" (p. The correct signal phrase used in APA Style: Smith confirmed that meditation has significant mental and physical value. The incorrect signal phrase used in Chicago Style Pollan continued, "But the national conversation unfolding around the subject of food and farming really began in the 1970s" (29).
The incorrect signal phrase used in MLA Style: Pollan observes, "Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would've been impossible to imagine even a few years ago" (p.
The incorrect signal phrase used in APA Style: You show the author's standpoint without taking any sides.Īccordingto recent research, men are more prone to binge drink than women. In 1980, Foucault admitted that you could only exercise individual power in a field with limited possibilities however, he adds that… You agree that an argument or idea is valid and imply that other views may differ. Recent studies confirmsEinstein's general relativity theory. You take a stand against or for something and indicate that the debate is still ongoing.Īllen Ginsberg contends the importance of having an artistic vision. The scientist Galileo Galilei claimed that the earth indeed rotated around the sun. You make a negative or positive statement that you can verify. In 1918, historian Oswald Spengler claimed every culture to be a super-organism with a predictable lifespan. However, this standpoint doesn't show you taking any side in an existing debate. Your position is less definitive and more arguable.
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